I'm basically summarizing
week 1 and part of
week 2 of Drakona's
class on Biblical interpretation here. If you want more detail, click the links, and consider working out the homework if you're really interested. I'll also try to define terms I use as I go, for the benefit of other readers.
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In order to answer the question, you really have to understand the GOAL and the PROCESS.
The GOAL of any sort of communication is to take a thought that began in one person's mind and put it into someone else's mind. In this case, the goal is to get a thought from God's mind into our mind. Since most of us aren't telepathic, we typically use a language -- either written or spoken -- to get the thought from one mind to another.
The PROCESS, in the specific case of the Bible, is thus:
1) God and a human author have some thought in their collective mind, and God inspires the author to write some text in some language (Hebrew, Greek, or Aramaic.) It differs exactly how much of the thought comes from which mind or how (depending on the situation), but for the moment, simply assume that they somehow combine to create original-language text. We call that original-language text an "autograph".
2) The original language text is copied down over time, either because the old copy is deteriorating, or because someone else (say, another church) wants a copy. This process is called "transmission". Either the Priests (OT) or the church (NT) decides what's worth copying and preserving and passing on by selecting works for the "canon". We call each copy a "manuscript".
3) Those texts pass through time and space to get to modern-translators, who look at them and translate them into English (or other language) words for us. We call the final copy a "translation".
4) We read the texts and try to figure out what idea God and the original author had in their minds. This process is called "interpretation", and it's something far too few people learn how to do properly.
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Over the whole of the process, what we care about is that the thought that was intended to be communicated is actually communicated. At each step, we care about something slightly different:
1) During the original authorship, we care that the thought or occurrence is faithfully compressed into words. Whether God speaks words that are directly recorded, or whether God gives someone a vision that they write in their own words, or someone simply recorded history, we want those words to convey the original idea or situation as clearly as possible.
Is it possible for this to be inaccurate or incomplete? Of course it is! Any time you take an idea and compress it into words, some information is lost (except in certain technical situations, where every word is carefully defined.) The fewer words are used, the less information can be conveyed -- so you would expect, for example, that describing the whole history of the universe in a page of text would give you only a limited and possibly inaccurate picture. On the other hand, if a dozen pages are spent describing what you had for lunch, we probably have a very complete and accurate picture.
One thing to notice is that we care more about inaccuracies relating to the central thought being communicated than inaccuracies that are tangential -- for example, we don't mind much when someone is describing a sporting event that they don't explain the weather very carefully. For most sensible Christians who understand the process, this is the only place at which an inaccuracy should cause any sort of crisis of faith -- if the original actually wrote something false, that's bad.
2) In the process of transmission, we care that the words from the original are properly preserved. If Paul wrote the word "kai" (in Greek characters), we care that the word "kai" shows up in exactly that same place in Greek characters in every manuscript.
Again, here, we expect inaccuracies. We care more about major inaccuracies -- like, sentences being added or important words being changed -- than we do about typos. There are certain cults that like to pretend no inaccuracies exist at this stage, but anyone with a good idea of the manuscripts that exist will tell you there are plenty of inaccuracies. Nobody should have a crisis of faith over this -- it just means you have to be careful when you study.
What's neat is that we actually have a very clear idea of what sort of inaccuracies exist, and we can identify what passages they're in and have a fair idea of what the originals said. In the Old Testament, we have the Hebrew-language Masoretic text (6 manuscripts from about 800 AD), and we also have the Dead Sea Scrolls (from about 100-200 BC), and we can compare the differences. We can also look at other language translations like the Greek Septuagint or the Latin Vulgate to get an idea of what the original language probably said when those translations were made.
In the New Testament, we have about 5,500 Greek manuscripts, 30,000 other-language ancient manuscripts, and over a million quotations of the NT by early church fathers. These are from different eras and different geographic locations. Not only can we be pretty sure of what the originals said in almost every circumstance, but we can actually trace when, where, and how most errors occurred. (This is why it's completely laughable when Mobi comes in with the "the Bible has been rewritten gazillions of times" spiel -- the textual evidence is strong enough that we can tell what era and region a particular typo arose in!)
Grab a copy of the
NET Bible and look up your favorite passages, and look for "textual criticism" notes (marked tc) to see what sort of inaccuracies exist in each passage. It's actually quite impressive how few textual errors there are, and how rarely they're of any importance.
3) In the translation process, we care that the manuscripts (and all of the textual evidence) are translated into English in such a way as to give readers a clear idea as to what the original author meant to communicate. Some errors creep in at this stage, and we care more about certain types than others. For example:
- some translators introduce their own biases into the translation, and occasionally they're downright dishonest in translation (NWT, cough cough...) We care a lot about that.
- some translators want to create a Bible for children or new believers, so they paraphrase the original text and don't focus much on accuracy, but they get the big picture mostly right and explain it clearly. Most people aren't bothered like this, as long as they understand the intended audience of such a translation.
- some translators aim for very accurate rendition of the original language, even preserving word orders that are more natural in other orders in English. In a translation of this type, it really matters if something is inaccurately translated.
One big thing to remember is that the tools are out there for you to get a good idea as to what the original language said. Grab a good NAS or NET with study notes and lexical notes, grab an interlinear (original language and translated text on alternating lines, typically including numbers to tell you were to look in a lexicon), and use a
Lexicon to see what the original-language word meant and how it's used elsewhere.
The only way anyone will have a crisis of faith over an error at this stage is if they've been indoctrinated into the "KJV is infallible" / "the King's english was good enough for Paul so it's good enough for me" camp.
4) Interpretation is still, by far, the weak point in the whole process. Most theological inaccuracies creep in simply because people don't have good hermeneutical principles (that is, good principles of how to read and understand the text as the author intended it to be understood.) It's not just that they're lacking in good Biblical hermeneutics -- most people are lacking in general hermeneutics. Most people will read our posts, newspaper articles, or books and come to seriously wrong conclusions about what the author intended. Some of it is laziness, but most of it is just not understanding how to extract meaning from text properly. (That's why there are weeks 3-6 of that class!)